Oral Health And Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Oral Health And Disease Health And Social Care Essay Dental caries is an oral disease not just of the developed nations but fast becoming a public health issues in the developing countries1. Dental caries is one of the major oral health problems in Nigeria. Other oral health/diseases commonly seen in Nigeria include periodontitis, chronic gingivitis, acute necrotising gingivitis, oral cancer and ameloblastoma, cranio-facial developmental anomalies, orthodontic problems and cleft lip and palate2. The oral cavity though small is a important aspect of the human body. It is the gateway to the human digestive system. The teeth are an important part of the mouth. Their function in mastication of food and speech cannot be over emphasized. They also have aesthetic component as well as enhance facial appearance. Thus, any problem with oral health or diseases could present as pain and suffering which could have debilitating effects on individuals in particular and the community at large3. Oral diseases could lead to reduction in functional abili ties and reduced quality of life. According to Petersen (2004) oral conditions are among the most expensive medical treatments in industrialized nations3. Nigeria is classed as one of the poorest countries in the world with 70% of its population leaving below 1 dollar a day. Nigeria is one of the countries in West Africa, comprises of 36 states. She is one of the most populous countries in Africa as well as the eighth most populous country in the world with the population of 154,728 8924 and popularly known as the giant of Africa. In 2007 to date, Nigeria is ranked as the second largest economy in Africa, she is known for her rich cultures, natural endowment such as oil and gas. It is equally indisputable that her human resources are abundant. At the same, it is absurd to learn that about 70.2% of Nigerians are living in abject poverty. Although, the Health services in Nigeria has undergone transformation over the years. The provision of Nigeria health system can be categorized into Public and Private Health services. The public health services serves as the main backbone of Nigeria health care which in most cases is funded by the government on non-profit bases. These are divided structurally into the Primary Health Care (PHC), Secondary Health Care (SHC ) and the Tertiary Heath Care (THC) 5, 6. But the dental care services are provided from secondary to tertiary care. This is due to the fact that dental care services are available in general hospitals (secondary health care) in some states and not at the primary health care bases, also in various teaching hospitals (tertiary health care) as well as private dental services. Dental caries is known as a progressive destruction or demineralization of enamel, dentine and cementum on a susceptible tooth surface caused by microbial (Streptococcus mutans) activities such as the production of acids.7, 8 In most cases, the dental caries is not life threatening but can have an adverse effect on quality of life in individual childhood to old age such as dietary and health. It affects all age groups and it is the most important cause of tooth loss in young people9. Frequent consumption of sugar and sugary food and drinks has been implicated as predisposing factors for the cause of dental caries9, 10,11. The sequelae of dental caries: Bacteria ferment sugar to produce acid. Acid dissolves tooth surface  ® leads to dental caries which affects the enamel  ® dentine  ® pulp  ® pulpitis  ® periapical infection  ® dental abscess12. Years ago, dental caries is one of the most common diseases in industrialised countries for instance United Kingdom and a social class-related condition. There has been a tremendous increase of dental caries in developing countries in recent years due to increased sugar consumption as well as insufficient exposures to fluorides which Nigeria happened to be one of the countries. In Nigeria, DMF index is used in measuring tooth decays which counts the number of decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT) or surfaces (DMFS) in patients mouth as a result of caries both in deciduous and permanent dentition7, 8. In 1993, World Bank reported the dental caries incidence in 1990 among females of Sub-Saharan Africa is 0. 7 and the males is also 0.7 while the total world record in these categories are 9.6 and 9.8 repectively.13 Dental caries prevalence in Nigeria varies according to the areas from the studies Akpata carried out. It shows that dental caries in rural areas are very low of 3 dental ca ries cases compared with those in the urban areas which is 33 caries14. The reasons for chosen dental caries: Dental caries as pointed out above is a dental disease that affects all age groups although it is more prevalent among the adolescents and young children. It is one of the major oral health problems. Dental caries is a public health issue because of its impact on individuals and the communities. Social and financial issues: Majority of the population in Nigeria suffers from poverty and the government do not subsidize any kind of dental or medical treatment for the people that is from new born to 59 years but from age 60 pays half price which can still be a problem for people in this category. In fact, dental and medical treatment does not commence until the patient pay an agreed amount but there is always an exceptional case depending on the dentist or medical practitioners discretion. Therefore, most of the populations in Nigeria are in high caries risk. This is due to the fact that some of the parents cannot afford sending their children to school while some of the children have very poor attendance record in school and in most cases leads the children to consume more of confectionery and high carbohydrate diet15. Due to poverty, most people seek for alternative treatment when they have toothache such as the traditional medicine, application of herbs, as well as fake medic ine (cheap) leaving majority of the cases untreated. Tooth loss: Dental caries is one of the major causes of tooth loss which can affect on patients eating habits, self-esteem and quality of life. Majority of the patients visit their dentist when they have explored virtually all the alternative treatment mentioned above and still be in pain which tends to be unbearable or in some cases the area is infected or inflamed. This can lead to extraction of the tooth/teeth, which eventually might lead to tooth loss replacement with removable dentures or fixed prosthesis. Due to lack of affordability of the denture by some patients leads to loss of alveolar as well as deformity. Infections: One of the sequelae of dental caries is infection due to bacteria in the cavity. Bacteria in the dental cavity secrete acids which dissolve the enamel and dentine and if untreated leads to pulpitis and subsequently periodontitis. Because so many people cannot afford orthodox dental care due to the cost of proper dental treatment some people chose alternative treatment as mentioned earlier. This can also leads to potential serious infection such as dental abscess or Ludwigs Angina which is life threatening. Although, one of the treatment is administration of antibiotics and other medications but in Nigeria contest we have to battle fake drugs as in most cases one is unable to distinguish between original and fake drugs. Need to create dental awareness: there are need to educate members of the public on how to prevent and control dental conditions as well as diseases Strep viridians seen in dental caries can cause endocarditis in cardiac patients Dental caries can form cystic legions in some patients Dental caries can cause chronic periodontitis. Dental caries is considered as a public health issue or a major problem in dental public health16 because it targets the entire population with unlimited time frame. Its socio-economic effect is great. People presents to dental clinics and hospitals when they are in severe pain and at the advanced stage of dental caries. Dental caries can occur in deciduous or permanent dentition thus affecting children as well as their parents. The cost of managing advanced dental infections is high. Being unable to identify early, people with high caries risk has also be one of the major challenges for public health. 2. The Community Oral Health Programme (COHP) was started in 1988 by the University of Ibadan in Nigeria by the Dental department. Since its inception it has become an integral part of the comprehensive Community Health Programme of the Preventive and Social Medicine (PSM) 17. The COPH main aims and objectives include prevention of oral diseases and provision of basic oral care services to communities. Major components of COPH are: School health programmes, health education programmes and on site dental care provision in hard to reach communities. Dental care has been a part of primary health care thus making very many communities disadvantaged. The health care delivery in Nigeria is such that dental health was been side-lined and the need for primary and secondary prevention of oral diseases in a developing country such as Nigeria where urbanization and westernization is creeping in. Studies carried out over the years have revealed a poor oral health status in many Nigerians18. An a rm of this programme known as the Community Dental Education Health (CODEH) has been organizing activities such as dental awareness campaigns in communities, market places and schools. Financial sponsorships have been mainly from non-governmental organizations and dental companies like Unilever and GlaxoSmithKline19. Evaluation of the programme: Evaluation is the process of assessing the possible relevance, efficiency, effectiveness as well as impact of the activities (efficacy) of a project or programme in accordance to its objectives through a systematic collection and analysis of data15, 20. It is equally very important to ascertain the quality assurance of the programme. Evaluation could be formative that is assessing the possibility of problem occurring while the programme is being developed or summative that is focusing on the impact as well as the effectiveness of the established programme21. This programme has been evaluated by observing the criteria proposed to guide evaluation in public health22 such as: Effectiveness: -this refers to the extent to which the aims and objectives are met which is to create dental awareness and promote oral health care. Also identify issues and questions of concern to stakeholders. Acceptability: to check if people are satisfied with the programme both the targeted and non-targeted population. Appropriateness: this is the importance of the programme which to reduce the prevalence of dental caries and promote oral health care. Equity: equal provision for equal needs for every individual Efficiency: this to ensure that results are achieved in most economical way and if the resources put into the programme is justified. Before the evaluation, decision on the kind of information that is needed is taken. To ensure that relevant data are gathered at the appropriate time, an eight-stage framework for evaluation of health promotion interventions proposed by Rootman et al in 200123 was adopted. These stages are Describing the programme, as well as clarifying the aims and objectives Identifying the issues and fears of stakeholders Designing of information-gathering process like questionnaire, records of behaviour change such as plaque scores, indices, documented record on dental caries rate (this was achieved with the help of dentists and hygienist in the allocated areas of the programme) also question and answer session with patient or during the dental awareness campaign. Collecting data Analysing data Make recommendations publish findings Take action or implementation Evaluation is an empowering experience which should involve all stakeholders. Although, evaluation of this dental awareness and oral care promotion is challenging as there are complex, context-specific programme which also focus on the socioeconomic and environmental determinants of well-being. Determine of outcomes: the outcome of the programme is influenced by the timing of the evaluation. The outcome of this programme after assessing the effects of intervention can be said to be immediate (impact), intermediate and long-term for some patients. Dental awareness and Oral health care programme had the following effects: Improves peoples knowledge and perception about oral health care Improve the oral health care of the communities in the programme Improve the oral health care and awareness among school children It motivates patients that are afraid of visiting dentist It motivates and encourage most of the participants to be going for regular check-up Impact evaluation was inculcated into the programme as the stage ends. This is the stage where the public worker or oral health educator includes review of the programme at the last session. The intermediate and long-term evaluation involves assessment for longer effect. This was ascertained by comparing the participant oral health related behaviour before and after the programme but in most cases after a year some participants discontinue from the programme due to death or loss of interest. Effectiveness of the evaluation: the evaluation was effective as it shows that the aims and objectives of the programme were met. For instance, the aims and objectives for Community Oral Health Programme (COHP) are prevention of oral diseases and provision of basic oral care services to the communities while the Community Dental Educational Health programme (CODEH) is to organise dental awareness campaign in the communities, market places and schools. This shows that the programme is a success and dental team as well as all the workers efforts in the programme are worthwhile. 3. Key elements in the success or failure of the programme: There have been elements and factors that have led to the success and failure in some aspects of the programme. Communication: good communication network between the public health teams, from dentists to their patients and from oral health educators to varieties of patients or the public is paramount to the success of the programme. It is important to make patients feel at ease and demystify the fear of visiting the dentist by answering their questions clearly. Communication can take place at two levels: cognitive (understanding) and emotional (which relates feelings) which is very important when treating a patient7. Effective and good communication helps the patients to feel relaxed while discussing their oral health problems and devise solutions. Communication barriers: these can lead to failure of a programme. Therefore, it is always advised for professionals to identify any existent of communication barriers during the first stage of communication with the patient. These barriers could be: Social/cultural barriers which involves ethnic backgrounds, cultural/religion beliefs, social class, sex and age Limited receptiveness of patients due to mental health problems, pain, dementia, fear or low self esteem Negative attitude by the patients towards dental professionals due to previous bad experience or believes that they know it all. Dental professionals failing to give insufficient emphasis on dental education. Continuous dental professional development needs to be incorporated in the training for all stakeholders involved in the implementation of the COHP programme. Contradictory messages of oral health care to patients from other health professionals leaving the patients confused as well as use of some dental jargons by the dental professionals to the patients. Strategic planning and evaluation of the programme: planning oral health strategy need to be permissible within the political and policy constraints of Nigeria government. This can lead the programme to success by being more productive and effective on what can be implemented in promoting dental awareness and oral health care such as: Oral health needs assessment: this is to assess unmet dental health needs in a systematic approach to ensure that the public health service uses its resources to promote and improve the dental health of the population. The information gathered for the assessment does not only based on DMF data but also from other sources like data from oral health determinants, caries prevalence, prevalence due to toothache, public demand, existence of dental services as well as policy development14. These information gather will build a focus in monitoring the rate of dental caries which will be useful at the national level during planning dental health educational programmes, future demand and utilization of oral health organisation and financing. It will help plan strategies to improve oral health care of the people through public health interventions. Monitor services provided by the dental team and the extent in which the strategies have improved the oral health of the population after the imple mentation of public health interventions as well as changes to the services. Resources and Support: this is to ascertain from the dental budget the fund available for oral health services and promotion to meet with demand and supply of the population as well as educational programme is very essential. As this will help facilitate the programme, involving experienced and trained public health professional, build and equip dental services and the outreach units with modern equipment if needed as well as developing professional network between the program and community8. Although, in some cases professional barriers can be encountered leading to failure whereby the local dentists does not comply with strategy due to threats on their private dental service business or if their employment terms and conditions are affected. Evaluation: this is an effective way of interventions in a programme, providing feedback to both participants and other part of the team as well as the stakeholders; ensure that appropriate use of resources and other guidelines are followed. During planning of the programme, the programme is evaluated to assess how strategy was implemented and at the end of the programme, evaluation is used to determine what has been achieved. Oral health preventive promotion: there are two ways to achieve this through clinical and public health preventive approach Clinical preventive approach: this approach depends on the proficiency and skill of the dentist also this takes place in dental clinics whereby chair-side oral health educational counselling is given to the patients after the administration of one or two clinical preventive agents are used for instance topical fluorides and fissure sealants. This approach has some down falls such as limited coverage of the population, it can be very expensive leading to increase in health inequalities, less community involvement, in some cases fail to pin-point the causes of poor oral health and can easily leads to conflicting messages. Public health preventive approach: this approach stress on the determinants of health for instance stipulates the attributes of oral health problems as shown in Fig. 1 below illustrating the impact of economic, political, environmental conditions to oral health, not to mention peoples lifestyle which is under the social and community context, although some oral health related behaviour can be influenced by some of the social factors depending on individuals, educating patients through oral health educators, dentists and other trained dental professionals. Oral health education is the one of the channels of promoting oral and promote equity and lessen the rate of health inequalities, be in partnership with various agencies and sectors to achieve their goals, creating dental awareness, increasing people knowledge and getting them involved in self-care. C:UsersAmakaDocumentsimg057.jpg Fig. 1 Diagram of Social determinants of oral health15 Oral health care outreach and information centre: this is preventive dental unit where oral health education can be given to individuals or small groups. This is an avenue whereby the dental public health team or oral health educators motivates, communicate also establish friendly and informal relationship with the patients. This kind of preventive treatment can be a success or failure of the programme depending on the patient and staff cooperation. Therefore, it will be wise to evaluate each teaching sessions by using question and answer session with patients and questionnaire on the performance of the educator. The patient feedback should be used to assess the progress of the unit. In Nigeria, majority of preventive dental units in public and private sectors are located in urban areas where most of the dentists are practising. Leaving those in rural areas with minimal or no access to modern dental treatment. 4. Recommendations for the future of the programme: Nigeria government should fund dental fissure sealant for children in the following categories: mentally or physically handicapped, those with nursing or bottle caries as well as those who have primary and first molars. Dentists should be able to clinically give treatment or advice to the patients without language barriers. This implies that there should be available provision a translator if the need arise. Both systematically and topically administered fluoride should be made available and affordable to the population for instance drinking water, salt, milk and use of fluoride toothpaste. Bearing in mind that, some part of Northern Nigeria is endemic of dental fluorosis due to relative high fluoride ingestion through drinking water14. The clinicians should be ready to adapt to the culture of the people and note the cultural differences for instance some cultures or religion forbids a male doctor or nurse to treat a female patient which applies to oral health care. Ability to in cooperate dental health care awareness into schools Public health workers should endeavour to identify children with high caries risk status More oral health awareness should be created as well as dietary education for parents and children. Highlighting on the need to reduce sugar intake and promote consumption of sugar free both in medications and drinks, fruits and vegetables as well as the need for good self oral hygiene practice It has been proven that most parents bring their children to clinics during holiday therefore will recommend that most dental clinics should be school led that is opening till late. Regular dental check-ups should be encouraged by the oral health team for early identification of dental problem Dental health education programmes should be conducted in the communities (both in rural and urban areas) and regularly The government should encourage the implementation of various community fluoride programmes by funding During epidemiological studies of dental caries, DMF index should always be used All Nigeria dentists should also adopt advances methods of diagnosing dental caries which should be considered when recording and reporting caries in future and ensure that this does not affect historical and international comparisons15.

Chicago Referencing

Chicago Author-Date Referencing 2007 The Chicago Author-Date referencing style has two basic systems of documentation. There is the humanities style (which can also be known as the footnote and endnote or the notes and bibliography style), as well as the au- thor-date style. This guide follows the author-date system of referencing. This involves citations within the text cor- responding to a full bibliographic entry in the reference list at the end of the document. The in-text citations include the author’s last name, followed by the date of publication in parentheses.The bibliographic entry in the reference list includes all the other necessary publication information. When using EndNote, it is recommended that the style system to use is Chicago Curtin 2007. Note: this page is only an introduction to the Chicago Author-Date referencing system. Curtin University Library provides a modified version of the author-date system presented in: The Chicago manual of style. 2003. 15th ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. How to cite references: Chicago style. 2006. http://wwwlib. murdoch. edu. au/find/citation/chicago. htmlIt is very important that you check your department or school's assignment guide as some details, eg. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conforming to your school's requirements. The information and examples contained on this page are chiefly derived from the above sources. What is Referencing? Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced.There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the Chicago Author-Date referencing style. Within the text of the assignment the author’s name is given first, followed by the publication date. A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations. Why Reference? Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and read more fully the cited author’s arguments. Steps Involved in Referencing 1.Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken. In the case of a book, ‘bibliographical details’ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volume number, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of these details will necessarily be applicable). In the case of a journal article, the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title of the article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information, in ad dition to the above you should note the date that you accessed the information, and database name or web address (URL). 2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below). 3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below). In-Text Citations Use the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of an assignment. Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author’s initials in the in-text citation i. . (Hamilton, C. L. 1994) or C. L. Hamilton (1994). If two or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in-text citation, separated by a semicolon e. g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author. When directly quoting from another source, the relevant page number must be given and quotation marks placed around the quote. When paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text, include the relevant page number, as this might be useful to the reader. How to Create a Reference ListIn general, page numbers should be included in all in-text citations, as many schools insist on this practice. A reference list only includes books, articles etc that are cited in the text. A bibliography is a list containing the sources used in developing a publication and other sources the author considers might be of use or interest to the reader. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. Where an item has no author it is cited by its title, and ordered in the reference list or bibliography alphabetically by the first significant word of the title. The Chicago style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference o be indented, as shown in the examples below, to highlight the alphabetical order. 2 Examples of Referencing Books| In-Text Example| Reference List Example| EndNote X (which reference type? )| Single author| ‘The theory was first propounded in 1982’ (Horwood 1982, 65)OR‘Horwood (1982, 65) claimed that†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢| Horwood, J. 1982. Comfort. London: Unwin Paperbacks. | Book| 2 or 3 authors| (Madden and Hogan 1997, 22)ORMadden and Hogan (1997, 22) dis- cuss this idea†¦OR(Jones, Madding and Davis 1998, 34)| Madden, R. , and T. Hogan. 1997. The definition ofdisability in Australia: Moving towards national consistency.Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and WelfareORJones, J. , M. Madding, and B. Davis. 1998. How to ride a pony. Sydney: Australian Aquarian Press. | Book| More than 3 authors| (Leeder et al. 1996, 2)| Leeder, S. R. , A. J. Dobson, R. Gibbers, N. R. Patel, P. S. Mathews, D. A. Williams, and D. Mariot. 1996. TheAustralian film industry. Adelaide: Dominion Press. | Book| Unknown authorshipor anonymous works| (Advertising in the Western Cape1990, 74). | Advertising in the Western Cape. 1990. Cape Town: ABC Publishers. | Book | Multiple works bysame author| ‘University research (Brown 1982, 1988) has indicated that†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢| Brown, P. 982. Corals in the Capricorn group. Rock- hampton: Central Queensland University. Brown, P. 1988. The effects of anchor on corals. Rockhampton: Central Queensland University. Order chronologically in the reference list. | Book| 3 of 11 Multiple workspublished in the same year by the same Author| ‘In recent reports (Napier 1993a, 55)†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Use a/b etc. to differentiate between works in same year. | Napier, A. 1993a. Fatal storm. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Napier, A. 1993b. Survival at sea. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Order alphabetically by title in the reference list. | Book| Editor| Kastenbaum 1993, 91-2)| Kastenbaum, R. , ed. 1993. Adult development. Phoe- nix: Oryx Press. | Edited Book| Different Editions| Neil Renton (2004, 75) suggests that†¦| Renton, N. 2004. Compendium of good writing. 3rd ed. Milton: John Wiley & Sons. An edition number is plac ed after the title of the work – this is not necessary for a first edition. | Book(put 3rd in Edition). | No date| (Housley [2006? ])OR(Housley n. d. )| Housley, N. [2006? ]. Contesting the crusades. Malden, MA: Blackwell. ORHousley, N. n. d. Contesting the crusades. Malden, MA: Blackwell. | Book(put [2006? ] or n. d. in Year). Encyclopedia/ Dictionary| ‘In the section on Sleepwalking in the Encyclopedia of Sleep andDreaming (Mahowald 1993, 578)’| Entries in an encyclopedia or dictionary are not listed in the reference list. | Enter the in-text citation manually. | Article or chapter in a book| As discussed by Blaxter (1976, 120-35)†¦OR(Blaxter 1976, 120-35)| Blaxter, M. 1976. Social class and health inequalities In Equalities and inequalities in health, ed. C. Carter and J. Peel, 120-35. London: Academic Press. | Book Section| Article or chapter in a book – no author| (Solving the Y2K problem 1997, 23)| Solving the Y2K problem. 997. In Technology tod ay and tomorrow, ed. D. Bowd, 23-35. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold. | Book Section| Brochure| (Research and Training Centre 2003)| Research and Training Centre on Independent Living. 2003. Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities [Brochure]. Melbourne: Research and Training Centre. The publisher’s name may be abbreviated if it is also the author. | BookType [Brochure] manually after the Title. | E-book| (Pettinger 2002)| Pettinger, R. 2002. Global organizations. Oxford: Capstone Publishing. http://www. netlibrary. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/ Details. spx (accessed September 28, 2004). | Electronic Book(put September 28, 2004 in Date Accessed)| Thesis| (Jones 1998, 89)| Jones, F. 1998. The mechanism of Bayer residue flocculation. PhD diss. , Curtin University ofTechnology. http://adt. curtin. edu. au/theses/ available/adt-WCU20020610. 142909/ (accessedNovember 28, 2006). | Thesis(put PhD diss. in Thesis Type)| ConferenceProceeding| (Hill 2000, 112)| Hill, R. 2000. Proceedings of the Ninth Meeting of the International National Trust, March 3-5, 2000: TheNational Trust into the new millennium. Alice Springs, NT: Australian Council of NationalTrusts. http://search. informit. om. au. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/search;rec=11;action= showCompleteRec (accessed November 29, 2006). | Conference Proceeding(put 2000 in Year of Conference, The National Trust into the new millenniumin Title Proceedings of the Ninth Meeting of the International National Trust in Conference Name, March 3-5 in Date,Alice Springs, NT in ConferenceLocation, Australian Council of National Trusts in Publisher). | Annual report of an organisation| (Department of Transport and Regional Services 2001)OR(Billabong International Ltd 2005)| Department of Transport and Regional Services. 2001. Annual report 2001-02. Canberra: DTRS.ORBillabong International Ltd. 2005. Annual report 2005 – brands. http://www. connect4. com. au. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/produ cts/ar/index. html (accessed November 29, 2006). | Report(put DTRS in Institution)| Image in a book| The poster ‘Buy Australian Apples’ (Cowle and Walker 2005, 65)| Cowle, C. , and D. Walker. 2005. The art of apple branding [Image]. Hobart: Apples from Oz. | BookType [Image] manually after the title. | Print Journals| In-Text Example| Reference List Example| EndNote X (which reference type? )| Article| As mentioned by Wharton (1996, 8)| Wharton, N. 1996. Health and safety in outdoor activity centres.Journal of Adventure Educationand Outdoor Leadership 12 (1): 8-23. | Journal Article| Article – no author| ‘It’s a growing problem in the UK. ’ (Anorexia nervosa 1969, 17)| Anorexia nervosa. 1969. British Medical Journal 12 (2): 6-19. | Journal ArticleYou will need to edit the in-text citation for it to appear in italics. | Newspaper, feature ormagazine article| (Towers 2000, 3)| Towers, K. 2000. Doctor not at fault: Coroner. The Australian, Januar y 18. | Newspaper Article(put January 18 in Issue Date)| Newspaper, feature ormagazine article – no author| ‘The Sydney Morning Herald (21 Jan. 2000, 12) reported†¦. | Provide all the details in the in-text citation – no need for an entry in the reference list. | | Press release| †¦. ’in the press release on 1 March,BHP enters new era, Watersmith ex- plains†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢| Treated like an unpublished document. No need for an entry in the reference list. | You will need to enter the in-text citation manually. | Electronic Journals| In-Text Example| Reference List Example| EndNote X (which reference type? )| Full text from anelectronic database| (Madden 2002, 562)| Madden, G. 2002. Internet economics andpolicy: An Australian perspective. Economic Record 78 (2): 551-78. Informit Online. http:// search. nformit. com. au. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/fullText;dn=200208736;res=APAFT (accessed October 16, 2003). | Journal Article(put Informit Onlin e in Name of Database, http://search. informit. com. audbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/fullText;dn=200208736; res=APAFT in URL, October 16, 2003 in Access Date). | Full text from anelectronic database – no author| ‘The internet has had a huge impact on the Australianeconomy’ (Internet economics and policy 2002, 350)You will need to edit the in-text citation for it to appear in italics. | Internet economics and policy: An Australian perspective. 2002. Economic Record 78 (2): 551-78. Informit Online. ttp://search. informit. com. au. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/fullText;dn=200208736;res=APAFT (accessed October 16, 2003). | Journal Article(put Informit Online in Name of Database, http://search. informit. com. au. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/fullTextdn=20020 8736;res=APAFT in URL, October 16, 2003 in Access Date). | 6 of 11 Full text newspaper,newswire or magazine from an electronic database – no author| (Cup lifts Seven out of ratings blues 2006, 33)| Cup lifts Seven out of ratings blues. 2006. The Australian, November 13. Factiva. http://global. factiva. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/ha/ default. aspx (accessed November 24, 2006). Newspaper Article(put November 13 in Issue Date,Factiva in Name of Database, http:// global. factiva. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/ ha/default. aspx in URL, November 24, 2006 in Access Date). | Full text from the Internet| It was proposed by Byrne (2004, 2) that†¦| Byrne, A. 2004. The end of history: Censorship and libraries. The Australian Library Journal 53 (2). http://www. alia. org. au/publishing/alj/53. 2/full. text/ byrne. html (accessed November 13, 2004). | Journal Article(put http://www. alia. org. au/publishing/ alj/53. 2/full. text/byrne. html in URL). | Article from Curtin E- Reserve| (Andersen 2002, 343)| Andersen, J.A. 2002. Organizational design: Two lessons to learn before re-organizing. International Journal of Organizational Theory and Behavior 5 (3/4): 343. Curtin University Li-brary E-Re serve. http://edocs. lis. curtin. edu. au/eres_display. cgi? url=DC65012621. pdf (accessed November 24, 2006). | Journal Article(put Curtin University Library E-Reserve in Name of Database, http://edocs. lis. curtin. edu. au/eres_display. cgi? url=DC650 12621. pdf in URL, November 24, 2006 in Access Date). | Article from databaseon CD-ROM (BPO)| (La Rosa 1992, 58)| La Rosa, S. M. 1992. Marketing slays the downsizing dragon.Information Today 9 (3): 58-9. UMI Business Periodicals Ondisc (accessed November 24, 2006). | Journal Article(put UMI Business Periodicals Ondisc inURL). | Secondary Sources| In-Text Example| Reference List Example| EndNote X (which reference type? )| Book| (Lewis and Carini 1984)Cite the source the quotation is from. | Lewis, E. N. , and P. V. Carini. 1984. Nurse staffing and patient classification: strategies for success. Rockville, Md: Aspens Systems Corp. Quoted inG. A. Thibodeau and K. T. Patton, eds. , The hu- man body in health and disease (St Louis, Mo. : Mosby, 2002), 77. | Enter the in-text citation manually. | of 11 Journal Article| (Ebell 2006)| Patton, K. T. Neuralgia and headaches. Science 314 (December 2006): 2153-5. Ebell, M. H. 2006. Diagnosis of migraine headache. American Family Physician 74 (Dec. ): 2087-8. Quoted in Patton 2006, 2153. | Enter the in-text citation manually. | World Wide Web| In-Text Example| Reference List Example| EndNote X (which reference type? )| Document on WWW| ‘It’s essential you learn how to reference’ (Dawson et al. 2002). | Dawson, J. , L. Smith, K. Deubert and S. Grey-Smith. 2002. ‘S’ Trek 6: Referencing, not plagiarism. http://studytrekk. lis. curtin. edu. au/ (accessed October 31, 2002). Web Page| Document on WWW –No author| (Leafy seadragons and weedy seadragons 2001)| Leafy seadragons and weedy seadragons. 2001. http://www. windspeed. net. au/~jenny/seadragons/(accessed July 14, 2001). | Web Page| Document on WWW –No date| (Royal Institute of British Architects n. d. )| Royal Institute of British Architects. n. d. Shaping the future: Careers in architecture. http://www. careersinarchitecture. net/ (accessed May 31, 2005). | Web Page(put n. d. in Year)| Image on the web| The image of the bleached coral (Coral bleaching and massbleaching events 2002)| Coral bleaching and mass bleaching events [Image]. 002. http://www. gbrmpa. gov. au/corp_site/ info_services/science/bleaching (accessed September 2, 2005). | Web Page(type [Image] manually after the title of the image)| 8 of 11 Government Publications| In-Text Example| Reference List Example| EndNote X (which reference type? )| Act of Parliament| The Commonwealth’s Copyright Act 1968†¦[future references do not include date]| Legislation is included in a list of references only if it is important to an understanding of the work. Setthe list apart from the main body of the reference under the subheading ‘Legislation'. Essential elements: Short title Date (Jur isdiction) eg.Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth). If legislation is obtained from an electronic database, add a URL as forelectronic journal articles. | Enter in-text citation manually. | Cases| The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR54| Legal authorities are included in a list of references only if they are important to anunderstanding of the work. Set the list apart from the main body of the reference under thesubheading ‘Legal Authorities'. | Case(put 1915 in Year, The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth in Case Name, 20 in Reporter Volume, CLR in Reporter Abbreviation, 54 in Page Cited). Australian Bureau ofStatistics Bulletin| (Australian Bureau of Statistics 1999)| Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1999. Disability, ageing and carers: Summary of findings, Cat. no. 4430. 0. Canberra: ABS. | Report(put Cat. no. 4430. 0 in Accession Number, ABS in Institution). | Australian Bureau ofStatistics from AusStats| (Australian Bureau of Statistics 1999)| Aus tralian Bureau of Statistics. 1999. Disability, ageing and carers: Summary of findings, Cat. no. 4430. 0. Canberra: ABS. http://www. abs. gov. au/Ausstats/ [email  protected] nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/e4cb97884898ec4bca2569de00221c84!OpenDocument (accessed November 20, 2002). | Report| Census Information| (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001)| Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2001. Census ofpopulation and housing: B01 selected characteristics (First release processing) postal area 6050. http://www8. abs. gov. au/ABSNavigation/ prenav/ViewData&action=404&documentproductno=POA6050&documenttype =Details&tabname=Details&areacode=POA6050&issue=2001& producttype=Community20Profiles&&producttype= Community20Profiles&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=LPD&#Basic%20Community%20Profile (accessed November 20, 2002). | Report| of 11 Government Report| (Resource Assessment Commission 1991)| Australia. Resource Assessment Commission. 1991. Forest and t imber inquiry: Draft report. Volume 1. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. | Report(put Australia. Resource Assessment Commission in Author, Forest and timber inquiry: Draft report in Title, Volume 1 in Accession Number, Australian Government Publishing Service in Institution). | Patent| (Cookson 1985)| Cookson, A. H. 1985. Particle trap for compressed gas insulated transmission systems. US Patent4,554,399, filed Nov. 28, 1985, and issued Feb. 11, 1988. | Patent(put Cookson, A.H. in Inventor, US inCountry, Patent 4,554,399 inPatent Number, Nov. 28 1985 in Date, Feb. 11 1988 in Issue Date). | Standard| (Standards Australia 1997)| Standards Australia. 1997. Size coding scheme for infants’ and children’s clothing – underwear andouterwear. AS 1182-1997. Standards Australia Online. http://www. saiglobal. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/online/autologin. asp (accessedJanuary 10, 2006). | Report(put AS 1182-1997 in Accession Number| Other Sources| In-Te xt Example| Reference List Example| EndNote X (which reference type? )| Personalcommunication, e-mail and discussion lists with no web archive. ‘It was confirmed that an outbreak occurred in London in 1999’ (S. Savieri, pers. comm. ). | Not included in the reference list. | Enter in-text citation manually. | UnpublishedInterviews| (Campbell 2006, 2)| Campbell, B. 2006. Interview by A. Bond. Tape recording. December 1. CurtinUniversity of Technology, Perth. | Personal Communication(put Campbell, Billie in Author, Interview with Andrea Bond in Title, Tape recording in Description, December 1 in Date, Curtin University of Technology in Publisher, Perth in City). | Films and videorecordings| (Grumpy meets the orchestra 1992)| Grumpy meets the orchestra. 992. DVD. Written and directed by G. Smithson. Melbourne:Australian Broadcasting Corporation. | Film or Broadcast(put DVD in Format, Written and directed by George Smithson in Credits, Melbourne in Country, Australian Broadc asting Corporation in Distributor). | 10 of 11 Television and radioprogrammes| (What are we going to do with the money? 1997)| What are we going to do with the money? 1997. television program. Sydney: SBS Television, 8August. | Film or Broadcast(put television program in Format, Sydney in Country, SBS Television in Distributor, 8 August in Date Released). Podcasts| (The wings of a butterfly –children, teenagers and anxiety2005)| The wings of a butterfly – children, teenagers and anxiety. 2005. podcast radio program. Sydney:ABC Radio National, 10 September. http:// www. abc. net. au/podcast/default. htm#mind (accessed September 16,2005). | Film or Broadcast(put podcast radio program in Format, Sydney in Country, ABC Radio National in Distributor, 10 September in Date Released, September 16, 2005 in Access Date). | CD-ROMS| (Kingsley 1998)| Kingsley, S. 1998. Dr Brain thinking games. Torrance, California: Knowledge Adventure Inc.CD-ROM. | Computer Program(put Kingsley, S . in Programmer, Torrance, California in City, Knowledge Adventure Inc. in Publisher, CD-ROM in Type). | ERIC document (microfiche)| Davis and Lombardi (1996)put forward the proposal that†¦| Davis, R. K. & T. P. Lombardi. 1996. The quality of life of rural high school special education graduates. In Rural goals 2000: Building programs that work. microfiche. ERIC Document No. 394765. | Generic(put Rural goals 2000: Building programs that work in Secondary Title, microfiche in Type of Work, ERIC Document No. 94765 in Publisher). | E-mail discussion list– web archive| According to John Little’s post on the ECPOLICY discussion list onApril 16, 2002 (http:// www. askeric. org/Virtual_Listserv_Archives/ECPOLICY/2002/Apr_2002/Msg00003. html), it was determined that†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦| Provide all the details in the in-text citation – no need for an entry in the reference list. | Enter the in-text citation manually. | It is very important that you check your department' s or school’s assignment guide as some details e. g. punctuation, may vary from guidelines on this

Essay about Heroic Code in the Iliad and the Odyssey

Heroic Code in the Iliad and the Odyssey In Websters Dictionary, a hero is defined as a person noted for courageous acts or nobility of purpose, especially if this individual has risked or sacrificed his life. In the Iliad and the Odyssey, the code which administers the conduct of the Homeric heroes is a straightforward idea. The aim of every hero is to achieve honor. Throughout the Iliad and the Odyssey, different characters take on the role of a hero. Honor is essential to the Homeric heroes, so much that life would be meaningless without it. Thus, honor is more important than life itself. Throughout the Iliad, heroic characters make decisions based on a specific set of principles, which are referred to as the code of†¦show more content†¦Throughout the entire Trojan war, Achilles spent most of his time pouting in his tent after Agamemnon kidnapped his prized maiden, Chryseis. He also lets his best friend, Patroclus, go into battle alone only to die when Hector kills him with his spear. Achilles joins the war when he hears of Patrclus death, but it was not out of bravery; out of guilt, revenge and anger, when he hears of his friends death. When Achilles kills Hector, he binds his feet to his chariot and drags his body around the walls of Troy. In my opinion this was not an act of heroism. But in the Iliad the Greeks loved Achilles. Achilles was considered half mortal and half God. Achilles has all the characteristics of a heroic warrior on a grand scale, and he possesses more than a common measure of all the merits and all the faults of a hero (Bowra 193). All of Achilles traits and glory are won primarily in battle, which sets Achilles apart from Hector because Achilles knows little about home and family. He has no wife: his father he has not seen in years; his mother, even though she helps him but he cannot help her and she isnt even a human being (Bowra 194). In the Odyssey, Odysseus is considered the heroic figure. Throughout both the Iliad and the Odyssey, Odysseus sh owed many acts of bravery, maybe more than Achilles showed. Both men, in theShow MoreRelatedThe Code Of Honor In The Iliad And The Odyssey1684 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual has risked or sacrificed his life. In the Iliad and the Odyssey, the code which administers the conduct of the Homeric heroes is a straightforward idea. The aim of every hero is to achieve honor. Throughout the Iliad and the Odyssey, different characters take on the role of a hero. Honor is essential to the Homeric heroes, so much that life would be meaningless without it. Thus, honor is more important than life itself. Throughout the Iliad, heroic characters make decisions based on a specificRead MoreIliad - Self image1193 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The Iliad Essay Prompt 1. Complete one take home essay. Provide textual evidence, specific lines and incidents from The Iliad that proves your thesis. You may also draw from The Odyssey. Use in text parenthetical documentation according to MLA standards. The style guide that many colleges use is DianaHacker.com. We will use this style guide for both MLA format and grammar and mechanics. If you have any questions about MLA format, refer to DianaHacker.com. This paper needs to read asRead MoreThe World of Odysseus Essay2126 Words   |  9 PagesThe World of Odysseus was written by Sir Moses I. Finley, and it is an in depth analysis of the Iliad and the Odyssey. The period in history that helped to produce these two phenomenal works is veiled with uncertainty due to the fact that an actual written history doesnt exist. Homer put his history of the period together from the traditional custom of oral poetic story telling that originated from the late Dark Age and early Archaic Period. The first three chapters of Finleys text provide theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Beowulf 851 Words   |  4 Pageswritten between 8th and 11th century. The value of this poem in English literature can be compared with value of Iliad and Odyssey in Greek literature. Beowulf, one of the oldest poems in existence, offers a glimpse of the world that had a heroic code of honor. It was also inhabited by various kinds of monsters. This story is set in Scandinavia and tells the story of Beowulf and his heroic deeds and records the culture as well as values of the bygone era. This story is about prince of Geats, BeowulfRead More Essay on Hector as the Ideal Homeric Man of Homers Iliad1358 Words   |  6 PagesHector as the Ideal Homeric Man of Homers Iliad        Ã‚  Ã‚   Homers Iliad enthralls readers with its’ valiant heroes who fight for the glory of Greece. The Iliad, however, is not just a story of war; it is also a story of individuals. Through the characters words and actions, Homer paints portraits of petulant Achilles and vain Agamemnon, doomed Paris and Helen, loyal Patroclus, tragic Priam, versatile Odysseus, and the whole cast of Gods. Ironically, the most complete character in the epic isRead MoreIliad and Odyssey1825 Words   |  8 Pagesand cinema of a certain era. The epic poems, The Iliad and Odyssey, give scholars and historians an idea how the Ancient Greek lived their everyday lives. By reading the two novels, the reader is able to experience the three thousand years old society of Homer. The various similarities between our society and the societies depicted in the Iliad and the Odyssey are surprising profuse. To name a few: the superfluous violence in Iliad and Odyssey, the characterization of Odysseus, the obscureRead More Iliad And Odyssey Essay1796 Words   |  8 Pagescinema of a certain era. The epic poems, The Iliad and Odyssey, give scholars and historians an idea how the Ancient Greek lived their everyday lives. By reading the two quot;novels,quot; the reader is able to experience the three thousand years old society of Homer. The various similarities between our society and the societies depicted in the Iliad and the Odyssey are surprising profuse. To name a few: the superfluous violence in Iliad and Odyssey, the characterization of Odysseus, the obscureRead MoreAchilles Vs Odysseus Research Paper1216 Words   |  5 PagesOdysseus would be notorious as being the eponymous conqueror of the Odyssey. He thinks about others before himself; he takes responsibility for his men and wants to protect them even if it means risking his own life. He demonstrated god-like qualities and morals to inspire his men. Odysseus is arrogant, brave, and wise, however he is sentimental. He st ates that, â€Å"Sometimes you need to serve in order to lead† (Odysseus). Odyssey has done his job after defeating the Trojans, so the reason why he wentRead MoreThe Aeneid Of The Iliad And Odyssey794 Words   |  4 Pagescohesive narrative that tied them to the past and propelled them towards the future. This narrative, The Aeneid, had its basis in local lore as well as ties to the older Greek epics of Homer. The Aeneid almost functions as an extension of The Iliad and Odyssey, with its protagonist, Aeneas, being a minor figure in the earlier poems, and the work itself academically divided into â€Å"Odyssean† and â€Å"Iliadic† parts. In this relationship Virgil owes a creative debt to Homer, and there is a resemblance thatRead More Achilles Vs Odysseus Essay example3811 Words   |  16 Pagesheroes are defined not by their appearances, nor by the impressions they leave upon the minds of those around them, nor even so much by the words they speak, but almos t entirely by their actions. Action is what drives the plot of both the Iliad and the Odyssey, and action is what holds the characters together. In this respect, the theme of humanity is revealed in both Odysseus and Achilles: man is a combination of his will, his actions, and his relationship to the divine. This blend allows Homer

What Skills Do I Need to Study Physics

As with any field of study, it is helpful to begin learning the basics early if you want to master them. For someone who has decided that they want to study physics, there may be areas that they avoided in earlier education which they will realize they need to become familiar with. The most essential things for a physicist to know are outlined below. Physics is a discipline and, as such, its a matter of training your mind to be prepared for the challenges it will present. Here is some mental training that students will need to successfully study physics, or any science -- and most of them are good skills to have regardless of what field youre going into. Mathematics It is absolutely essential that a physicist be proficient in mathematics. You dont have to know everything - thats impossible - but you do have to be comfortable with mathematical concepts and how to apply them. To study physics, you should take as much high school and college mathematics as you can reasonably fit into your schedule. Especially, take the entire run of algebra, geometry/trigonometry, and calculus courses available, including Advanced Placement courses if you qualify. Physics is very math intensive and if you find that you dislike mathematics, perhaps you will want to pursue other educational options. Problem-Solving Scientific Reasoning In addition to mathematics (which is a form of problem-solving), it is helpful for the prospective physics student to have a more general knowledge of how to tackle a problem and apply logical reasoning to arrive at a solution. Among other things, you should be familiar with the scientific method and the other tools physicists use. Study other fields of science, such as biology and chemistry (which is closely related to physics). Again, take advanced placement courses if you qualify. Participating in science fairs is recommended, as you will have to come up with a method of answering a scientific question. In a broader sense, you can learn problem-solving in non-science contexts. I attribute a lot of my practical problem-solving skills to the Boy Scouts of America, where I frequently had to think quickly to resolve a situation that would come up during a camping trip, such as how to get those stupid tents to actually stay upright in thunderstorms. Read voraciously, on all topics (including, of course, science). Do logic puzzles. Join the debate team. Play chess or video games with a strong problem-solving element. Anything that you can do to train your mind to organize data, look for patterns, and apply information to complex situations will be valuable in laying the foundation for physical thinking that you will require. Technical Knowledge Physicists use technological tools, especially computers, to perform their measurements and analysis of scientific data. As such, you need to be comfortable with computers and different forms of technology too. At the very least, you should be able to plug in a computer and its various components, as well as know how to maneuver through a computer folder structure to find files. Basic familiarity with computer programming is helpful. One thing that you should learn is how to use a spreadsheet to manipulate data. I, sadly, entered college without this skill and had to learn it with lab report deadlines looming over my head. Microsoft Excel is the most common spreadsheet program, although if you learn how to use one you can generally transition to a new one fairly easily. Figure out how to use formulas in spreadsheets to take sums, averages, and perform other calculations. Also, learn how to put data in a spreadsheet and create graphs and charts from that data. Believe me, this will help you later on. Learning how machines operate also helps provide some intuition into work that will come up in fields such as electronics. If you know someone whos into cars, ask them to explain to you how they run, because many basic physical principles are at work in an automotive engine. Good Study Habits Even the most brilliant physicist has to study. I coasted through high school without studying much, so I took a long time to learn this lesson. My lowest grade in all of the college was my first semester of physics because I didnt study hard enough. I kept at it, though, and majored in physics with honors, but I seriously wish Id developed good study habits earlier. Pay attention in class and take notes. Review the notes while reading the book, and add more notes if the book explains something better or different than the teacher did. Look at the examples. And do your homework, even if its not being graded. These habits, even in easier courses where you dont need them, can help you in those later courses where you will need them. Reality Check At some point in studying physics, you will need to take a serious reality check. You are probably not going to win a Nobel Prize. You are probably not going to be called in to host television specials on the Discovery Channel. If you write a physics book, it may just be a published thesis that about 10 people in the world buy. Accept all of these things. If you still want to be a physicist, then its in your blood. Go for it. Embrace it. Who knows... maybe you will get that Nobel Prize after all. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.